Discussing Gender Differences Occur Among Preschool Children

Taking the opportunity to observe preschoolers in a childcare setting will help identify whether gender differences occur among preschool children. More specifically, observing children in their natural environment will help determine whether or not boys play differently than girls. On October 7th, at the Child Development Lab’s playground while the children were having playtime at 11 o’clock in the morning, I had the chance to observe thirteen boys and sixteen girls aged 3-4 years old. After observing, I was able to conclude that at the ages of three and four years old, boys and girls do not play differently; at the ages of three and four, both boys and girls play in rocks, on scooters, sing, and play with kitchen sets. To begin, the playground had three parts to it; there was the jungle gym, the cement area, and the corner area with plastic kitchen sets and tables. I will start off by sharing what I learned while observing the jungle gym. At any given time, there were four girls and four boys on the jungle gym; the jungle gym was never empty. The children on the jungle gym, whether boys or girls, were always smiling and climbing up everything. This proves that both boys and girls played in the same ways. At one point, there were three girls and two boys all on the big silver slide together. It seemed as if they were racing each other because when one got to the bottom, they would race right back to the top and do it all over again. The stereotype that presents girls asShow MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder ( Ptsd )3001 Words   |  13 Pagesor interpersonal violence. In general, children who experience a single-occurring trauma display symptoms of PTSD within a year. In some cases this can be delayed and re-emerge in later life. The diagnosis of PTSD originated in the 1980s’s when war veterans displayed symptoms. 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Copyright  © 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc. ISBN: 0-536-29980-3 Introduction to Teaching: Becoming a Professional, Second Edition, by Donald Kauchak and Paul Eggen Published by Prentice-Hall/MerrillRead MoreMy Fs 101 Portfolio7901 Words   |  32 Pagesrelation to their becoming a teacher. In this field study 1, the student teacher who undertakes this will be able to: âž ¢ Identify the stage of the physical, motor, linguistic, literacy, cognitive, social and emotional development of the children or adolescents as manifested in the actual classroom setting. âž ¢ Observed and reflect on the different approaches employed by the teacher in dealing with learners in the different stages of development. âž ¢ Analyze how the teachingRead MoreThe Effects of Advertising on Children33281 Words   |  134 PagesTelevision Advertising to Children A review of contemporary research on the influence of television advertising directed to children Prepared for ACMA by Dr Jeffrey E. 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Mass Crime Lab Case Free Essays

Former Massachusetts State Crime Lab chemist, Annie Dookhan, has been indicted on twenty-seven counts of tampering with evidence, perjury, and obstruction of justice after a legal fallout that has jeopardized thousands of drug cases (Smith). Dookhan admitted to â€Å"dry-labbing† (distinguishing a sample is a narcotic based on appearance instead of actually testing), altering test results, and â€Å"deliberately turned a negative sample into a positive for narcotics a few times†. Another way in which she tampered with the testing samples was by exaggerating the weight of seized drugs in order to cause the accused party to receive harsher penalties. We will write a custom essay sample on Mass Crime Lab Case or any similar topic only for you Order Now As a result of the chemist’s actions, many innocent people have served jail time, while deserving criminals were let off the hook. Even though her coworkers and supervisors were suspicious on several occasions throughout the course of several years, she was not caught until 2011 when she admitted to forging a colleague’s signature on paperwork. It was not until this action, that she was finally suspended from her duties (The Living Case). The next thought that occurs to someone reading this story is â€Å"Why†. What would possess someone to risk his or her job and credentials? It is hard to understand what exactly would motivate Annie Dookhan to commit this type of crime considering that her life was not directly impacted by the fates of the defendants her samples belonged to. Frederick Herzberg’s motivation-hygiene theory, also known as the two-factor theory, could be applied in this case. Lab executives leadership style Crime labs would be better served if they were operated privately and contracted by states rather than run by a police department. There is cause for concern when a state prosecutor has intrinsic ties to the people testing the evidence he or she needs to convict a felon. It is an absolute conflict of interest to have a crime lab under the control of the police. Northeastern University law professor Daniel Medwed said, â€Å"There are often implicit pressures [on crime lab technicians] to help out prosecutors – to testify in cases in a way that supports their perceived colleagues in law enforcement† (The Living Case). As a result of the outcome of the Melendez-Diaz v. Massachusetts case, chemists are now required to be present at the trial of the substance they tested in order to be cross-examined on their testimony (Melendez-Diaz v. Massachusetts). Bearing in mind that their testimony carries a lot of weight in a trial, chemists should remain separate so that issues of prejudice or bias arise. Aside from that issue, being run be the state police produces problems in relation to the management of the crime lab reporting any errors in testing that may occur. The leaders may feel that exposing problems would only increase a backlog of paperwork and further testing as a result of an internal investigation. In this case, it does not seem that the leadership was affected by police involvement as the lab was run by the Department of Public Health during the period of the incidents. Sources: * I was unsure how to cite the case given to us as most of my information is derived from there, and I did not see where Kirkman provided source information. * http://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/08pdf/07-591.pdf * http://www.npr.org/2013/03/14/174269211/mass-crime-lab-scandal-reverberates-across-state How to cite Mass Crime Lab Case, Papers

Marketing Consumer behavior Nike

Question: Discuss about the Marketing Consumer behavior Nike. Answer: Introduction This report analyzes some of the social influences on the buying behavior of the consumers of Nike. Nike manufactures and sells a lot of products, one of which is the range of sportwear apparels. The customers of Nike come from different socioeconomic backgrounds and have different decision-making process for buying a product. There are a large number of factors present in the society that can affect the decision-making process of these consumers (Schlegelmilch, 2016). Social influences Social influences on the buying behavior of the customers can be defined as the factors present in the society that can affect the decision-making process of an individual for a product or service. There are a wide range of social factors that can affect the decision-making process of an individual for a product or service. This report focuses on the sportwear apparel sold by Nike and the social influences on the buying behavior of the corresponding customers in the market (Parente, 2014). Reference groups Each and every individual in the society has a number of people close to him or her. These people surround the individual to share his or her feelings, situation and condition. These people are considered to be the reference groups of an individual in the society. Each and every individual in the society are used to share their opinions, views and feedbacks with their close ones or the members of their reference groups. This in turn allows the members of the reference groups to have a lot of influence on an individual. The feedback, views and opinion of the members of the reference groups affect the buying behavior of an individual to a significant extent. This section of the report focuses on some of these reference groups that have significant influence of the buying behavior of an individual in the society (Shih, 2013). The reference groups can be divided into two major categories, primary and secondary group. Primary group This reference group of an individual consists of his or her family members, relatives, friends and colleagues. Basically, the people that an individual interacts regularly are considered to be a part of the primary reference group of an individual. The members of the primary reference group affect the buying behavior of the individual in a number of ways. They already have used the products from Nike and have their own opinion about the quality of the products. This in turn allows them to affect the buying decision of the individual to a significant extent. The primary group member might be loyal customers of Nike, which in turn affects the buyer behavior of the individual positively. If an individual has his or her family living together, then it affects the buying decision of the expensive premium sportswear. In such a scenario, the individual would prefer going for an average quality sportswear and spending rest of the money on the family members (Tuten, 2014). The buying behavior of an individual is greatly affected by the lifestyle of the members of the primary reference group of the individual. For example, if the members of an individual's primary reference group don't spend a lot on sportswear apparels, then it's unlikely that the individual is going to spend a lot on the premium sportswear apparels. The lifestyle of the members of the primary reference group of an individual in terms of health and fitness also affects the buying behavior of the individual. For example, if the members in the primary reference group of an individual don't focus a lot on buying the premium sportswear products, then the individual also might not be interested in buying expensive and premium sportswear products. Secondary group The secondary reference group of an individual consists of the people that the individual interacts less frequently. Some of the examples of the secondary reference group of an individual are the professional organizations, alumni associations and large public forums like clubs. The influence of these secondary reference groups on the buying behavior of the individual is minimal in comparison to the primary groups. So, the buying behavior of the individual for the sportswear products of Nike are influenced to a nonsignificant level (Mullin, 2014). Social class The individuals living in a society can be divided into various categories based on various factors. One such category is the economic value of the individuals in terms of their total revenue and income capacity. This categorization of the individuals in the society is called the socioeconomic classification. The socioeconomic class of an individual also influences his or her buying behavior. Hence this factor influences the buying behavior of the customers of the sportswear products sold by Nike to a significant amount (van den Driest, 2014). The individuals in the high socioeconomic class generally dont bother about the price of the product as long as the quality is very high and the brand is a popular one. So, the customers of Nike in the high socioeconomic class are fine with the high price tags of the products and this social factor wont be an influence on their buying behavior. The individuals in the middle and upper middle socioeconomic classes focus on the value that they yield from the premium products that they buy. These customers of Nike focus on the value that they get by buying any of the products from the range of premium sportswear sold by Nike. So, the customers from this socioeconomic class are influenced a bit by the social factor in their buying behavior, but focus on the value they yield by purchasing the products. The individuals in the low socioeconomic class dont generally purchase premium products and put more importance on other aspects of their life than buying premium products. The customers of Nike from this social class generally wont buy the premium sportswear range of products. These customers generally purchase the premium products with promotional offers and discounts (Morgan, 2015). So, the social class of the individuals in the corresponding market of operation is a significant influence on the buying behavior of the customers of Nike premium sportswear products. The customers from the different social classes have different preference and priority depending on their purchasing capability. Marketing strategy The social factors identified in the previous section can be considered while designing the marketing strategy for the premium sportswear products sold by Nike. As these factors influence the buying behavior of the customers in the corresponding market of operation, their inclusion in the marketing strategy of the corresponding products allows the design and development of effective marketing strategy, which can lead to significant increase in the sales of these products (Gardner, 2015). Marketing mix The marketing mix of the premium sportswear products sold by Nike can be based on these social factors that influence the buying behavior of the customers. As shown in the above image the marketing mix of the range of premium sportswear products from Nike consists of 7 factors product, place, price, promotion, people, physical environment and process (Shank, 2014). Price From the analysis of the identified social influences, we can be clear that the price range of the existing premium sportswear products of Nike is a big factor in the buying behavior of the customers. The marketing professionals in Nike can focus on keeping an affordable price for the middle, upper-middle and high socioeconomic classes in the society (Burns, 2014). Place As per the social influences identified in the previous section, we analyzed that the demand of the premium sportswear products sold by Nike is high among the upper-middle and high socioeconomic class individuals with healthy lifestyle. So, the marketing professionals in Nike can ensure that the retail stores of the organization are placed at the locations having high frequency of these people. So, the retail stores of Nike can be opened at premium residential places and key locations of the corresponding markets (Kotler, 2015). Product The marketing professionals in Nike should ensure that the premium sportswear products sold by the organizations should be of high quality and should be innovative. The high quality of the products along with their innovativeness allows more number of customers to realize more value from them. The realization of more value from the products allows the customers from every social classes and with any reference group to take the decision of buying the corresponding products (Armstrong, 2014). Promotion The marketing professionals in Nike should ensure that the promotional activities and offers on the premium sportswear products of Nike are frequently provided to the customers. These promotional offers and activities attract more customers from any social class and with any reference group. This in turn allows the organization to have higher sales of the corresponding products. The marketing professionals at Nike can ensure that the promotional activities and offers are spanned across all the varieties of the premium sportswear range of products sold the organization, which in turn attracts the customers with various needs and requirements to buy the products. People The marketing professionals at Nike should ensure that the people allocated to interact with the customers at the retail stores of Nike should be efficient enough to persuade the customers of buying the products. The high efficiency of the people involved in the process of making the sale to the customers allows the chance of a positive buying decision from the customers to be high. So, the people interacting with the customers at the Nike retail stores should have effective interpersonal and communication skills to ensure that the customers buy the products and get all their queries resolved to be able to take a positive buying decision for the premium sportwear products sold by Nike. Physical environment The marketing professionals at Nike should ensure that the physical environment of the retail stores of the organization is of high enough quality to attract more number of customers. The high-quality environment of the retail stores of the organization allows more number of customers to be impressed with the quality of the brand. The customers also perceive the brand to be of very high quality as per the quality of the physical environment in the retail stores (Iyer, 2015). Process The marketing professionals at Nike should ensure that the high-quality manufacturing process of the premium sportswear products sold by the organization are marketed effectively to the customers. The high quality of the manufacturing process allows the customers to perceive the products to be of high quality. This in turn allows the organization to attract more number of customers from the upper-middle and high social classes. The marketing activities focusing on the quality of the manufacturing process of the premium sportswear products sold by Nike ensure that the customers are familiar with the authenticity of the products and the value that the products provide for their price tags (Burgelman, 2015). Market segmentation and targeting The analysis of the social influences on the buying behavior of the customers of the premium sportswear products sold by Nike, revealed a number of factors that should be considered while deciding on the target market for these products. The marketing professionals at Nike should focus on the segmentation of the market based on the lifestyle and socioeconomic status of the customers. The marketing activities for the premium range of the sportwear products sold by the organization should focus on the middle, upper-middle and high socioeconomic classes in the society. This in turn allows the organization to attract more number of customers for the premium range of sportswear products sold by Nike. The marketing activities of the organization should also focus on the individuals in the society with the healthy lifestyle. This in turn allows the marketing activities to be focused on the individuals who put a lot of effort into being healthy and fit through their daily activities. The mar ket segmentation and targeting criteria for the premium range of sportswear products allows more number of customers to be attracted to the products, which in turn leads to increased sales of the products (Granzin, 2015). References Armstrong, G., Adam, S., Denize, S., Kotler, P. (2014).Principles of marketing. Pearson Australia. Burgelman, R. A. (2015). Complex Strategic Integration at Nike: Strategy Process and Strategy-as-Practice Combined. Burns, L. D. (2014, July). FASHION DESIGN AND MARKETING FOR SUSTAINABILITY AND SOCIAL CHANGE: THEORY AND PRACTICE. In2014 Global Marketing Conference at Singapore(pp. 1473-1476). Gardner, S. (2015). Social media marketing strategy: Driving traffic to and from your Facebook fans page. Granzin, K. L., Mason, M., Bahn, K. D. (2015). Personal Investment Theory: A Tool for Segmenting Markets When Devising Marketing Strategy. InProceedings of the 2000 Academy of Marketing Science (AMS) Annual Conference(pp. 444-451). Springer International Publishing. Iyer, G. R., Dunn, G. (2015). Some Considerations on the Links Between Marketing Strategy and Corporate Reputation. InProceedings of the 1999 Academy of Marketing Science (AMS) Annual Conference(pp. 371-378). Springer International Publishing. Kotler, P., Keller, K. L., Manceau, D., Hmonnet-Goujot, A. (2015).Marketing management(Vol. 14). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall. Morgan, R., Magin, S., Huber, F., Herrmann, A. (2015). The Why of Buying NikeFindings of a Causal Analytical Study. InCreating and Delivering Value in Marketing(pp. 223-223). Springer International Publishing. Mullin, B. J., Hardy, S., Sutton, W. (2014).Sport Marketing 4th Edition. Human Kinetics. Parente, D., Strausbaugh-Hutchinson, K. (2014).Advertising campaign strategy: A guide to marketing communication plans. Cengage Learning. Schlegelmilch, B. B. (2016).Global Marketing Strategy. Springer International Publishing: Imprint: Springer,. Shank, M. D., Lyberger, M. R. (2014).Sports marketing: A strategic perspective. Routledge. Shih, B. Y., Chen, C. Y., Chen, Z. S. (2013). An empirical study of an internet marketing strategy for search engine optimization.Human Factors and Ergonomics in Manufacturing Service Industries,23(6), 528-540. Tuten, T. L., Solomon, M. R. (2014).Social media marketing. Sage. van den Driest, F., Weed, K. (2014). The ultimate marketing machine.Harvard Business Review,92, 54-63.

National Intervention Week Proclamation Essays - Drug Rehabilitation

National Intervention Week Proclamation NATIONAL INTERVENTION WEEK PROCLAMATION In April 1997, Paul J. Peloquin, Sr. , a professional interventionist and trainer had a vision to make the American Public more aware of the intervention process which over the last 25 years has proven to help untold thousands break through the denial of their addictions. In the mid 1960s Dr. Vernon Johnson founded the Johnson's Institute and Intervention Process, which people would use for many decades to come. Betty Ford wrote a letter to Dr. Johnson thanking him for the intervention process, for it had helped her; as it has helped so many others. Intervention in itself will become the modality of the future in assisting people to realize the denial of the addiction before it totally destroys the individual and the families of the people affected by the disease. This in turn will save billions of tax dollars in medical expenses. As stated in the National Drug Control Strategy of 1998 (a ten year plan) Goal 3, Objective 1... Support and promote effective, efficient, and accessible drug treatment, ensuring the development of a system that is responsive to emerging trends in drug abuse. Furthermore, Objective 3... Promote national adoption of drug-free workplace programs that emphasize a comprehensive program that includes: drug testing, education, prevention, and INTERVENTION. The American Board of Certified Interventionists, Inc. Founded by Paul J. Peloquin, Sr. Ph.D. has gained the support of Governors and Congressmen. It is the belief that awareness and education will keep the American Public thinking and talking about addiction and the problems it causes. This in turn will convey to the individuals that truly need help, but are preoccupied with their addiction and cannot see their denial without the assistance of others, hence intervention . Moving into the next millennium with the knowledge to stop or interrupt the addiction process sends an important message to Americans and people around the world that, ? we as a people? are not allowing life-threatening problems to conquer our loved ones without taking an educated stand on the issues. Governor Fob James, Jr. and Congressman Joe Scarborough have endorsed the National Intervention Week as a well-needed proclamation to bring attention to the process to make millions aware of what is available to them to help others. It is time for the President of this great Nation to support the proclamation by endorsing National Intervention Week (19 April through 23 April) as a time for healing and new beginnings for those in need. Paul J. Peloquin, Sr. Ph.D Founder and President American Board of Certified Interventionists, Inc Bibliography: The American Board of Certified Interventionists,Inc. Vernon Johnsons; How to get someone help" Florida Coalition on Drug Education, Prevention, Intervention, Inc.

Free Essays on Chance Was A Key Role In Romeo And Juliet

Most of Shakespeare’s plays are based on either tragedy or comedy. A typical Shakespearean tragedy involves love, a breakdown of order, and a hero who must fail due to some human limitation. The play Romeo and Juliet satisfies two of these elements, but it does not portray Shakespeare’s traditional tragic hero. In its place Shakespeare points out how chance can manipulate people’s lives. There are some instances that can be related to chance, and these instances affect the plot to form a connection between Romeo and Juliet and chance. For example, Romeo is affected by chance throughout the play due to the incidental encounters he has with Juliet, a servant, and Tybalt. In addition, Mercutio is also a victim of uncertainty because of the events that led up to his death. Finally, chance and timing have an immensely significant influence on the deaths of Romeo and Juliet. There are a number of random meetings during the play that cause unforeseen events to take place. For example, Romeo’s first involvement with chance is when a servant inadvertently happens upon Romeo and asks if he knows how to read. Romeo reads a guest list for the Capulet ball. After finishing the list, the servant out of appreciation invites him to the ball if he is not a Montague. The servant coming across Romeo was by pure accident, and if this improbable event had not taken place, Romeo would have never been able to meet and fall in love with Juliet. In addition, Juliet is subject to chance in very much the same way as Romeo. Juliet’s relationship with Romeo also transpires as a result of happenstance because if Juliet’s father did not give Paris permission to marry her, there would have been no reason for the party. Furthermore, when Romeo meets Juliet for the second time, the meeting occurs as a result of an unplanned excursion by Romeo because he abandon ed his friends and happened to wander into the Capulet’s orchard while Juliet just happened t... Free Essays on Chance Was A Key Role In Romeo And Juliet Free Essays on Chance Was A Key Role In Romeo And Juliet Most of Shakespeare’s plays are based on either tragedy or comedy. A typical Shakespearean tragedy involves love, a breakdown of order, and a hero who must fail due to some human limitation. The play Romeo and Juliet satisfies two of these elements, but it does not portray Shakespeare’s traditional tragic hero. In its place Shakespeare points out how chance can manipulate people’s lives. There are some instances that can be related to chance, and these instances affect the plot to form a connection between Romeo and Juliet and chance. For example, Romeo is affected by chance throughout the play due to the incidental encounters he has with Juliet, a servant, and Tybalt. In addition, Mercutio is also a victim of uncertainty because of the events that led up to his death. Finally, chance and timing have an immensely significant influence on the deaths of Romeo and Juliet. There are a number of random meetings during the play that cause unforeseen events to take place. For example, Romeo’s first involvement with chance is when a servant inadvertently happens upon Romeo and asks if he knows how to read. Romeo reads a guest list for the Capulet ball. After finishing the list, the servant out of appreciation invites him to the ball if he is not a Montague. The servant coming across Romeo was by pure accident, and if this improbable event had not taken place, Romeo would have never been able to meet and fall in love with Juliet. In addition, Juliet is subject to chance in very much the same way as Romeo. Juliet’s relationship with Romeo also transpires as a result of happenstance because if Juliet’s father did not give Paris permission to marry her, there would have been no reason for the party. Furthermore, when Romeo meets Juliet for the second time, the meeting occurs as a result of an unplanned excursion by Romeo because he abandon ed his friends and happened to wander into the Capulet’s orchard while Juliet just happened t...

An Overview of Social Conservativism

An Overview of Social Conservativism Social conservatism was ushered into American politics with the so-called Reagan Revolution in 1981, and renewed its strength in 1994, with the Republican takeover of US Congress. The movement slowly grew in prominence and political power until hitting a plateau and stagnating in the first decade of the twenty-first century under President George W. Bush. Bush ran as a â€Å"compassionate conservative† in 2000, which appealed to a large bloc of conservative voters, and began to act on his platform with the establishment of the White House Office of Faith-Based and Community Initiatives. The terror attacks on Sept. 11, 2001, changed the tone of the Bush administration, which took a turn toward hawkishness and Christian fundamentalism. The new foreign policy of â€Å"pre-emptive war† created a rift between traditional conservatives and conservatives aligned with the Bush administration. Due to his original campaign platform, conservatives became associated with the â€Å"new† Bush administration and an anti-conservative sentiment has nearly destroyed the movement.In most areas of the country, Republicans align themselves with the Christian right refer to themselves as â€Å"conservatives† since fundamental Christianity and social conservatism have many tenets in common. Ideology The phrase â€Å"political conservative† is most associated with the ideologies of social conservatism. Indeed, most of today’s conservatives see themselves as social conservatives, although there are other types. The following list contains common beliefs with which most social conservatives identify. They include: Advancing pro-life and anti-abortion stances on unwanted or unplanned pregnanciesAdvocating for pro-family legislation and a ban on gay marriageEliminating federal funding for embryonic stem-cell research and finding alternative methods of researchProtecting the Second Amendment right to bear armsMaintaining a strong national defenseProtecting US economic interests against foreign threats and eliminating the need for trade unionsOpposing   illegal immigrationLimiting welfare spending by creating economic opportunities for America’s needyLifting the ban on school prayerImplementing high tariffs on countries that do not uphold human rights It is important to mention that social conservatives can believe in every one of these tenets or just a few. The â€Å"typical† social conservative strongly supports them all. Criticisms Because the preceding issues are so black and white, there is a considerable amount of criticism from not only liberals but also other conservatives. Not all types of conservatives agree whole-heartedly with these ideologies, and sometimes denounce the vigilance with which hard-line social conservatives choose to advocate their positions.The radical right has also placed a large stake in the social conservative movement and has used it in many cases as a way to promote Christianity or to proselytize. In these cases, the entire movement is sometimes censured by mass media and liberal ideologues.Each of the tenets mentioned above has a corresponding group or groups which oppose it, making social conservatism a highly criticized political belief system. Consequently, it is the most popular and most scrutinized of the conservative â€Å"types.† Political Relevance Of the different types of conservatism, social conservatism is by far the most politically relevant. Social conservatives have dominated Republican politics and even other political parties such as the Constitution Party. Many of the key planks in the social conservative agenda are high on the Republican Party’s â€Å"to-do† list.In recent years, social conservatism has taken repeated hits thanks in large part to the presidency of George W. Bush, but its network is still strong. Basic ideological affirmations, such as those espoused by the pro-life, pro-gun and pro-family movements will make sure social conservatives have a strong political presence in Washington DC for many years to come.

Just Between You, Me, and My 622 BFFs Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Just Between You, Me, and My 622 BFFs - Essay Example The social media impacts a lot of the children’s development. The author of the essay illustrates this very vividly. At the beginning of her article, Orenstein addresses the case of a fourteen-year-old teen by the name Erin. The teen confesses that she began engaging herself in online activities since she was in third grade. This brings out the fact of how early the children get exposed to the internet and the social media. The early exposure to the Internet makes them adopt new behaviors and lifestyles that may be unhealthy. For instance, Orenstein comments on how Erin and three of her friends shunned a healthy meal prepared by her mother, for a bucket of shamrock-shaped, green frosted sugar cookies bought at the grocery store. By so doing, the author tries to bring to the audience the effect of continued exposure to the internet on the children. What their mother thinks is important for them may not match their knowledge gained from the internet. It is unfortunate that they may prefer taking what the internet advertises. In this case, the sugar cookies sounded so popular to them since they were bought during the celebrations of Saint Patrick’s Day. This can be attributed to the fact that the four teens had been online from as early as age seven or eight. The author uses the three teens to illustrate how the children in the present era are so much attached to the mobile devices, ensuring they have internet everywhere and at all times. She notes that Erin and her three friends each owned an iPod touch, used computers daily.

Reflective exercise for studing marketing module Essay

Reflective exercise for studing marketing module - Essay Example My knowledge on the topic of international marketing has improved tremendously as a result of the classes and lecture sessions. I have learnt that the strategies of marketing for internal businesses have become a crucial and cumbersome task in today’s competitive world. Globalisation is one of the most important contributing factors to international marketing strategies. My information was updated to a much greater extent in the areas of international marketing and its impact on global factors to an organization’s managerial decision making, the approaches of entering new markets, designing and developing new products for international markets, the attributes of marketing research internationally, the marketing mix for international business and a lot more. Our group comprised of three members including me. We had diverse cultural and ethnic backgrounds two of us are Chinese and one belonged to Saudi Arabia. Due to the difference in cultural and religious backgrounds I learnt how to communicate and manage a diverse team. We as a team found out that the business rules of International Marketing are not the same as they used to be few years ago. The reasons behind these change of rules and strategies is globalisation and its associated threats and opportunities. I got the information that due to various factors like increased globalisation, technological advancements and increased role of internet, the competition has increased greatly these days in every industry. Due to this reason, businesses have to adopt newer methods and strategies in order to survive in the competitive world and have a sustainable business. I also got familiar with the difference of conventional marketing and international marketing and due to this I realised that the modern marketers have changed their mind sets for global development. In today’s world the traditional ways of marketing are not sufficient for this reason the marketers and the executives need to be more innovative thinkers, create newer and better ideas to market internationally and possess quick decision making capabilities. The concept of innovation in marketing techniques was also highlighted in one of the lectures and I think this is one of the basic requirements for international marketing methods of today’s world. Examples of innovative marketing techniques are video clips posted on social networking websites and viral marketing. The conventional tools for assessing the decision making abilities of an organization which includes the SWOT analysis and the PESTL analysis are found to be quite different from a global business perspective. Important to note, that I studied and analysed that now more number of factors are needed to be analysed and examined in SWOT and PESTL analysis for a global organization. I would also like to accept and appreciate the skills of my teacher who encouraged and motivated us to learn the concepts of International marketing from a broader vi ew point and effectively implement it in the practical world when possible. The lectures, seminars and the reading materials were adequate enough to bring deeper insight in the students and held up to date information. We also studied and learnt to determine the opportunities present in the global marketing with the help of real-life case studies. Moreover, it was studied that the

Investment Property Essay Example for Free

Investment Property Essay The objective of this Standard is to prescribe the accounting treatment for investment property and related disclosure requirements. Investment property is property (land or a building—or part of a building—or both) held (by the owner or by the lessee under a finance lease) to earn rentals or for capital appreciation or both, rather than for: (a) use in the production or supply of goods or services or for administrative purposes; or (b) sale in the ordinary course of business. A property interest that is held by a lessee under an operating lease may be classified and accounted for as investment property provided that: (a) the rest of the definition of investment property is met; (b) the operating lease is accounted for as if it were a finance lease in accordance with IAS 17 Leases; and (c) the lessee uses the fair value model set out in this Standard for the asset recognised. Investment property shall be recognised as an asset when, and only when: (a) it is probable that the future economic benefits that are associated with the investment property will flow to the entity; and (b) the cost of the investment property can be measured reliably. An investment property shall be measured initially at its cost. Transaction costs shall be included in the initial measurement. The initial cost of a property interest held under a lease and classified as an investment property shall be as prescribed for a finance lease by paragraph 20 of IAS 17, ie the asset shall be recognised at the lower of the fair value of the property and the present value of the minimum lease payments. An equivalent amount shall be recognised as a liability in accordance with that same paragraph. The Standard permits entities to choose either: (a) a fair value model, under which an investment property is measured, after initial measurement, at fair value with changes in fair value recognised in profit or loss; or (b) a cost model. The cost model is specified in IAS 16 and requires an investment property to be measured after initial measurement at depreciated cost (less any accumulated impairment losses). An entity that chooses the cost model discloses the fair value of its investment property. Fair value is the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. An investment property shall be derecognised (eliminated from the statement of financial position) on disposal or when the investment property is permanently withdrawn from use and no future economic benefits are expected from its disposal. Gains or losses arising from the retirement or disposal of investment property shall be determined as the difference between the net disposal proceeds and the carrying amount of the asset and shall be recognised in profit or loss (unless IAS 17 requires otherwise on a sale and leaseback) in the period of the retirement or disposal.

Emersons definition of experience :: essays research papers

The true meaning of life based on experiences†¦ What is it? This is a question which many people dedicate their lives into answering. Ralph Waldo Emerson is one of the few who has succeeded in answering this question. He weaved his answer into a long and tedious essay, which is called â€Å"Experience†. The only downfall from this work is that it’s solely from his perspective, and doesn’t include other people’s ideas as well as his. Emerson believes that people don’t possess the individualistic quality. Everyone is too focused on the actions and opinions of everyone else, and should take a more personal stance for once. We mimic people too much because we believe that we will benefit if we’re the same as the majority. We are all individuals and have our own opinions, and we should embrace them! Emerson also believes that people are multiform, and therefore have trouble uniting as one society. However, he explains how deep down everyone has a background of unity, and really want to unite as one. This is another reason why some people try to copy others. We figure that if we are all the same, we will be united. However, this is not the case, because our opinions and beliefs get in the way. We have a universal desire to believe, and because of this strong impulse, we yearn to move forward. We crave to be able to waltz up the stairs, and get closer and closer to our dreams. People gain intelligence and knowledge through what they experience. They gain valuable life skills by actually witnessing events first hand. If society were only to learn out of a textbook, everyone would be boring and completely one-sided. Our experiences help to shape our ‘clay of identity’. Instead of hiding from horrible experiences, we should try to learn from them, and incorporate the morals into our daily lives. Ralph Waldo Emerson’s writing style is very deep and profound, and answered the question of what the

Film Treatment

My Super SWEET 16 GRADUATION PARTY Directed By Chassity Gibson A Biography of the Film Maker: Chassity Gibson: Student, Writer, Director, Co-Producer Chassity Gibson is a Producer/Director of reality TV, commercials, music videos, and promotional films for networks and clients nationally throughout the US. Her first feature documentary, â€Å"the life of a young single mother†, an inspiration from her mother, was an award winning production. Aside from her film work, Gibson has written scripts for plays premiering at major theaters found in Las Vegas, and NYC.Born in Rochester, NY and a graduate of SUNY University at Buffalo, she currently lives in Fort Worth Dallas with her newlywed husband, Edsel. Filmmaking was never Gibson’s dream as a child or growing up. In fact, the road she was looking more towards her first year at UB was engineering. Going into her sophomore year though, she enrolled in her first film class, Basic Video (DMS 103), and apparently she had found her niche. Currently at the age of 36 Chassity Gibson has 3 award winning pieces along with a great family supporting her throughout the adventure it has been.Having two twin boys, Gibson is very devoted to her family time outside of work. This being something new to â€Å"try-out† Gibson says, â€Å"is very stressful but I’m going to make sure I make it all worth it†. Title: â€Å"Win Or Lose†. Biggest Graduation Party in NYS Log Line: Two UB graduate best friends, Candice & Jasmine, Plan for the biggest Graduation party buffalo, NY had ever seen. Synopsis: â€Å"My Super Graduation Party† is similar to the MTV reality TV show â€Å"My Super Sweet 16† minus the bratty, spoiled, teens that always seem to have their way through their pushover parents.In this series, instead, we find mature, independent, UB students preparing for life after college by setting it off with a huge celebration for all their accomplishments. Getting to know the sta rs of this show becomes quite easy through the way they move & interact throughout their episode. You see them juggling end of the semester final projects and exams, while creating time to plan & promote their party only weeks away. Watch their assertive demeanors in school as well as towards the party planners, in seek of success. Exaggerate over minor issues that may arise, somehow overcoming it.Dolling up, to insure they are the best looking females for the night. Finally, they relive the best part of it all, by recapping their big night with girlfriends over breakfast. Every episode of the series has its own individuality aspects to it, based upon the students we are dealing with, the type of party they want, and the results we receive from the guests who actually come to celebrate with the graduates. â€Å"My Super Graduation Party† closely follows the lives of the individuals of each episode for one day before the party, the day of the party, as well as one day after th e party.This provides a fascinating social matrix that draws the viewer to connect with the graduates as they face challenges and become satisfied with their final results. This specific episode of the series, â€Å"Win or Lose; the biggest graduation party in NYS†, does in fact have great success for CANDICE & JASMINE due to the work they put into it. Throughout the episode the view will see in on many aspects of the casts life away from the party planning, which normally creates a bias and foundation for that cast member that carries with them to the end of the show.For example: â€Å"Love life† – Love life is something that constantly re-appears throughout the entire show. From keeping annoying ex boyfriends out of the party, to attempting to ask the cutest boy on campus to be their date, and sometimes we witnessing a new love stir up. We follow these interactions as they add on to the shows variety of aspects of each of the cast’s lives. â€Å"Educat ion – Our casting will be graduation very soon after they party takes place. The student’s school efforts will be highlighted to show the stresses, successes, and failures that they encounter†¦and most importantly how they deal with those experiences. Friendship† – The bonding rituals and social lives will be highlighted as the over-riding context. Our cast will be a pair of close-knot best friends, who are throwing a party together. Each episode will include the two meeting for drinks or dinner to discuss latest life happenings and planning of the party. â€Å"Win Or Lose; Biggest Graduation Party in NYS† episode arc- Intro – A small montage is shown of each UB student to provide the viewer about her background, life, and current situation in the show. This is quickly done as we move on to see CANDICE & JASMINE in scenes preparing for school the day before the party.The two have separate lives, making it difficult to plan everything tog ether; therefore communication becomes an important issue when both wants need to be met. They talk amongst each other excited for the next day’s festivities, while getting dressed & putting on make-up, and agree on what still needs to be done before the day arrives. Initial Highlights of early morning talk – Some fascinating recaps from the previous nights of the week, interesting gripes about the workday and/or family, disagreements that need to be worked out, and all of these highlights are shown in about 1-2 mins of clips at the cast’s home.Candice & Jasmine live in a small apartment with their dog, Lovely. School/Work day for Candice – Her day begins around 9am the day before the party. She is running late for class because her hair is not cooperating with her today, yet has to be perfect if she is going to ask MEL GIBSON to be her date after their class together. She attempts numerous styles as it gets close to 8:50am, and none of them seem to work. Finally at 9:05am she pulls off the simplest look and heads toward the door. Leaving class, Candice struggles to find Mel, who normally sits in the same spot every day, and leave the same way every day.Disappointed she shoots a text to Jasmine for advice. They decide to meet for lunch. School/work day for Jasmine – Jasmine instead has work that Thursday morning, 8am-12pm shift. At work she constantly thinks of outcomes for the party, distracting her performance that morning. When it finally reaches 12pm, Jasmine must meet right after with the owner of the club where they plan to throw their party. Issues arrive about the amount of people the place can hold, the ability of guest to buy drinks, and how VIP and lines outside will work.Jasmine wants a huge stage where she can show off on the whole night, while Candice wants a photo booth in the same area. We see how Jasmine works around this issue while speaking with the owner. The two meet for lunch around 2pm that same day. Ca ndice reveals how upset she is about not asking Mel out after class and not knowing if she even wants to anymore. Jasmine tries to calm her down & move her energy away from that situation & gear it towards the party. The Day of the Party- This day moves pretty quickly from the moment the casts opens their eyes, to the moment they are ready to lay back in their beds.Jasmine, who ordered a dress online that week, is yet to receive her package in the mail and has no outfit for the night. A mall trip has to be squeezed in to try and fix this, yet no outfit compares to what Jasmine had in mind originally. The viewer then meets VEE, Candice & Jasmine’s close friend who has been promoting the party for them and making sure they get a great turn out. Vee makes sure everything is in line and that the party still goes on no matter what. That night is closely followed throughout the party and we see the reactions of the guests who come.The Morning after Breakfast – At this point the show will reinforce the friendship between the two students, Candice & Jasmine, and how close graduation really is. The eat breakfast and discuss all that went on that night. Candice can barely remember, she had so many drinks, and Jasmine recalls all the compliments she received all night. Clips from the previous night are shown and advice, reassurance, and support between the ladies are highlighted. Any additional outlandish or hilarious stories are played out. At the end of it all the ladies are asked to give their own separate individual comments on the overall experience.

A Character Sketch of Mustapha Mond in Brave New World

Mustapha Mond Character Sketch It is said that a great leader must always lead by example. This is not always true, a leader must sometimes partake in some negative activities in order to protect the interests of the populous. An excellent example of this is Mustapha Mond. When one first meets Mustapha Mond, it is obvious that he is distinctly different from the other alpha plusses; Mond is unique, wise, and authoritative. Mustapha Mond is unique in part because he reads prohibited literature. Unlike the other denizens of Brave New World, Mond has read the classic works of Shakespeare, the Bible, and other remnants of the old world.Additionally, he believes in the presence of god. This is a concept unknown to most of the populous, because society has made god unnecessary; when no one is ever alone or unhappy, they do not need to request things from god. Mond used to be an inquisitive scientist; he was smart enough to realize that the so-called science they practiced was not real inno vation, thus he started to experiment on his own or in Mond's words, † ‘I started doing a bit of cooking on my own. Unorthodox cooking, illicit cooking. A bit of real science' â€Å"(226).Doing things in private, let alone doing science in private is something unheard of in Brave New World. Although, being the only man in a world full of sheep, can be a good trait to a leader. Mond is wise, thus a good leader. He understands the big picture. One example of this ability, is that he recognizes that the high arts cannot exist without strife. The current society has nearly no pain, no sorrow, no loneliness, and none of the detrimental negative emotions that are necessary to understand works of high art, such as Othello.He recognizes that the populous would no longer understand classics like Romeo and Juliet. Additionally, he recognizes that however much workers may request for shorter hours, the truth is, they are happier working the longer work days. This is because, worke rs have nothing to do in their â€Å"spare time† as was exemplified by Mond, † ‘Ireland was put on to the four-hour day. What was the result? Unrest and a large increase in the consumption of soma' † (224). In fact, Mond claims that the Invention office is stuffed with labor saving ideas; however, for the sake of stability, he uses his authority as the ResidentWorld Controller to hold back change that would be detrimental to society. Authority is a requirement for people in positions of power, and as the Resident World Controller, Mond is not afraid to use his power. A stable society cannot have dissenters, thus, all nonconformists are sent to sub centers including Bernard Marx and Helmholtz. However, he does not allow John to leave Brave New World, with his fore mentioned friends Bernard and Helmholtz, because the experiment, being the introduction of a â€Å"savage† into civilization, must go on.Mond's authority is best summarized in his own words: † ‘I make the laws here, I can also break them. With impunity, Mr. Marx, Which I'm afraid you can't' † (219). In the words of Vincent Thomas Lombardi, â€Å"The leader can never close the gap between himself and the group. If he does, he is no longer what he must be. † Mustapha Mond is an excellent example of this, Mond is a wise, unique, and authoritative leader with traits that distinguish him from the other alpha plusses. He is one of the few conscious people in a world full of glassy eyed automatons.

Free Essays on Bombing

Atomic bombing When asked, many people can think of an event that changed their lives instantly. For example, a near death experience may lead a person to see that life is fragile and that it should be lived to the fullest. Unfortunately, sometimes these events require the loss of innocent lives. In 1945, the United States dropped nuclear bombs on the Japanese cites of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in retaliation for the attack on Pearl Harbor. In the years following the attack, many writings have been published in order to capture the horrid nature of this event. The two that we will look at are â€Å"Hatsuyo Nakamura† by John Hersey, and â€Å"Atomic Bombing of Nagasaki Told by Flight Member† by William Laurence. Hersey’s Story chronicles life after the bombing for one of the survivors while Laurence tells the story of the attack through the eyes of one of the crew members aboard one of the bomber planes. Both readings focus on the drastic events of Hiroshima and Nagasaki through th e utilization of different styles while conveying two completely contrasting points of views; however, Hersey’s comes across more effectively in the end. One of the more apparent differences is that Hersey’s â€Å"Hatsuyo Nakamura† is written in the third person. Telling the story in the third person prevents readers from seeing things through that person’s eyes. However, it gives a clearer overview of the situation as opposed to breaking down the person’s every thought. In this case, we see the effects of the radiation on Nakamura; described as being â€Å"weak and distraught† in the aftermath of the bombing. She ends up living in a wooden shack for the next few years where she would â€Å"begin a courageous struggle† in order to â€Å"keep her children and herself alive.† These quotes capture the very essence of her struggle and at the same time promote a feeling of empathy for Nakamura. She continues to struggle for a long time; she justifies this with t... Free Essays on Bombing Free Essays on Bombing Atomic bombing When asked, many people can think of an event that changed their lives instantly. For example, a near death experience may lead a person to see that life is fragile and that it should be lived to the fullest. Unfortunately, sometimes these events require the loss of innocent lives. In 1945, the United States dropped nuclear bombs on the Japanese cites of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in retaliation for the attack on Pearl Harbor. In the years following the attack, many writings have been published in order to capture the horrid nature of this event. The two that we will look at are â€Å"Hatsuyo Nakamura† by John Hersey, and â€Å"Atomic Bombing of Nagasaki Told by Flight Member† by William Laurence. Hersey’s Story chronicles life after the bombing for one of the survivors while Laurence tells the story of the attack through the eyes of one of the crew members aboard one of the bomber planes. Both readings focus on the drastic events of Hiroshima and Nagasaki through th e utilization of different styles while conveying two completely contrasting points of views; however, Hersey’s comes across more effectively in the end. One of the more apparent differences is that Hersey’s â€Å"Hatsuyo Nakamura† is written in the third person. Telling the story in the third person prevents readers from seeing things through that person’s eyes. However, it gives a clearer overview of the situation as opposed to breaking down the person’s every thought. In this case, we see the effects of the radiation on Nakamura; described as being â€Å"weak and distraught† in the aftermath of the bombing. She ends up living in a wooden shack for the next few years where she would â€Å"begin a courageous struggle† in order to â€Å"keep her children and herself alive.† These quotes capture the very essence of her struggle and at the same time promote a feeling of empathy for Nakamura. She continues to struggle for a long time; she justifies this with t...

How to Get a Girlfriend in College and Keep Her

How to Get a Girlfriend in College and Keep Her Dating is one of the main concerns students have (besides studying of course), and sometimes it becomes a real struggle. How to find a girlfriend? How to make a good impression on her? How to make this relationship work? These are key questions that might occur in your head. We will try to answer these questions in our guide on how to meet a girl and build a relationship with her that will be actually deep for both of you. Find Inner Confidence Make the first move Many guys feel nervous and act awkward around girls. Its normal because not everyone has the strength to approach and talk to a girl. Most of the time we can see a guy in a high school or college who is staring in admiration at a girl from a distance. That seems creepy to onlookers. Please, dont do that. If you saw a girl who you find attractive in the class or in the library or any other place, come up to her. Or, find her on social media and text her if youre shy. Its the most difficult part because it implies leaving your comfort zone, but its actually a necessary step. Otherwise, you can wait for a girl to come up to you first for a very long time. Show her that you actually exist. Dont take it too seriously Be confident and think about this situation as a part of your life experience. You have nothing to lose, even if she rejects you. Dont make a drama out of the whole situation. Eventually, she is just a person too. So, take a deep breath, calm your nerves and come up to introduce yourself. Dont try to pretend like you dont care and approach her in the sake of curiosity or boredom only. A lot of guys do that to hide their feelings and then wonders â€Å"How to get a girl to like you?† Actually, after such a move, its pretty hard to change a girls opinion. First Meeting Its hard to evaluate the perfect scenario for an acquaintance. In movies, we can see beautiful scenes of a girl in college dropping books down and a guy helping her out. Even though it might happen to you, dont actually count on such a situation. There are a lot of places where you can meet a girl in college. You can start with a compliment or a joke. Or simply introduce yourself in a polite manner. Dont stare at her like youre a crazy man. Smile and speak to her about: College courses Professors Movies and shows Favorite books Hobbies Friends Pay attention to the topics she has a lot to say on. For example, if you are talking about the new microscope that you have bought, and a girl is just nodding her head in reply, try to change the subject. Ask her about her day or what she is doing on the weekend. The best thing for you will be to take her phone number or find her on social media. If you dont speak in person, but via phone or text messages instead, you will feel less anxious. Develop Trust The more you talk to a girl and build trust with her, the deeper relationship you can develop with her. Its not only about being honest but also about making her feel comfortable and safe with you. Show her that she can tell you about her worries and you can give her valuable advice. Avoid keeping secrets and make your intentions clear. A lot of girls are not ready for serious relationships, so you have to understand and appreciate that. Dont hide your feelings. Let her know how you feel. Caution: Remember that lying to your partner is the main reason why couples split up. Be a Good Listener If a girl feels that she can share her secrets with you and speak freely about everything in the world, its a good sign. Be a good listener. Pay attention to what she tells you about her family and friends, studying and job. The more you know about her, the better communication you will have. Try to remember significant information and show her that you understand her and can relate to her problems. Be Positive No one likes moody individuals. When you talk about your problems too much, it makes a bad impression on everyone around you. Its much better when a person you communicate with can feel that you are glad to have this conversation at the moment. Keep a good mood and try to cheer up a girl if shes having a bad day. Unlike the grumpy cat, you wont seem cute when you are not in a good mood. Make an Effort When you have a relationship, you have to put some effort to make it last and prevent from burning down. When you continuously have no time for conversation or dates, it makes you look like a person who doesnt care. A relationship is a constant compromise. You have to understand that managing your schedule to find time for your girlfriend is as essential as giving her time to be on her own. A person needs to have space and time for other things besides a partner. For example, the social circle of her friends or family. Find a balance between being too intrusive and too indifferent. Be polite, confident and caring. These are the most essential components of a long and deep relationship.

How to deal with bad employees Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

How to deal with bad employees - Essay Example e during the year of 2010 when I had to make sure that one of my subordinates who was highly addicted to cigarette smoking did not smoke within the vicinity of the organization and even around the boundaries of the organization. My higher ups were quite angered about his smoking habits as they believed that he was ruining the image of the company and was promoting others to break the rules of the company by smoking around the boundaries of the company. Due to this I took the task of ensuring that he does not smoke in the restricted areas. At first, I believed that it would be a very simple task. I thought that simply threatening him to punish him would solve the problem in no time (Coon 238). Keeping this opinion in mind, I called him to my office and told him right away that if he does not quit smoking, he will be relieved from his duties. To my surprise, he had no fear of my threat and told me that I can do whatever I wanted to do, but he would not stop smoking in the restricted areas. I was quite dazzled by his response because he had no fear of losing his job. In reality I had no intention to retire him of his duties because he was a very hardworking individual who had been with the company for the past ten years. After receiving his response, I went back to the basics and started my investigation and research. I have always been a fan of McClelland’s theory of need based motivation. The theory states that in order to motivate employees, a manager should help him satisfy one of the three needs of the employees (Saxena 160). These needs include the need for achievement, authority as well as belongingness. I started investigating around and figured out that for the past 2 years he had been waiting for his promotion to the assistant manager level of the marketing department. He was quite angered due to the organizations failure to promote him even when he had given his entire life to the organization. The next day I called him back in my office and told him

Usefulness of theory of kolcaba Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Usefulness of theory of kolcaba - Research Paper Example All these activities of nurses contribute to comfort of the patient that greatly enhances the healing process. The relationship between nursing care and comfort dates back to the early 1900s with the central focus on moral imperative. By 1903s, specialists in the nursing field perceived comfort as a strategy for attaining aspects of nursing care. By 1960s, comfort was a minor goal in nursing care, as physical aspects were dominant while emotional comfort was gaining importance. In 1990, Kolcaba’s Comfort Theory was fully dominant, with emphasis on childbirth pain, pain management, and palliative care and end of life (Kolcaba, 2003). Conditions in the nursing care sector such as loss and suffering of patients with complex medical care, pain scores of 10/10 even with increase in medication, and personal frustration and inability to change the situation contributed to the adoption of comfort as the foundation of nursing care. Comfort is relative. Kolcaba’s Comfort Theory seeks to address human needs, including transcendence, relief, and ease. It takes an individualized (holistic) approach to enhance the feelings of wellbeing and a sense of strength. Moreover, it provides a conceptual framework for nursing care (Kolcaba, 2003). The physical concept relates to homeostasis and bodily sensation, including regular bowel function, pain relief, adequate oxygen saturation, electrolytes and fluid balance, and positioning and turning. The socio-cultural concept concerns societal, interpersonal, and family relationships, rituals, and family traditions. These include cultural customs, continuity of care, caring attitude, education and information, and enhancing friend and family support. Psycho-spiritual concept revolves around the internal awareness of the meaning of one’s life, self-esteem, and sexuality, including improving and maintaining self-esteem, increasing relaxation, enhancing independence, and

Regional Studies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Regional Studies - Essay Example In 1946, Sony has taken location and Akio Morita and Masaru Ibuka founded. There is no question that the founders of sophisticated electronics rather quickly (Wataru Fogel 2010). This is because the two were the founders of abilities and capabilities to the Japanese electronics commerce of lightweight at the top. On an edge note, we should notify you that China is in electrical devices goods are evolving better and more high-tech, are far along with enterprise buying into in some other nations, encompassing Japan. We have to notify you much achievement in the buyer electronics commerce in Japan because of persons who easily could not turn off their electrical devices. The reality is that the buyer electronics commerce in the United States, mostly dry due to the achievement of Japan's buyer electronics in Japan. In the late 1880s was one TV output, which stayed in the U.S. because Japanese businesses have bought into in others. Did you understand that Japan, which first hue TV? In 198 0, Japan has evolved the electronics for example camcorders, VCRs, CD. Today, we all understand how well liked the compact computer disc contestant in the world. If you stroll in public locations, then you can anticipate glimpsing numerous distinct kinds of electrical devices gear used. ... Most Japanese electronics manufacturers took benefit of the trade items enterprise because the market is saturated with competition (Anderson 2002). Over the last 20 years, electronics manufacturers Korean and Taiwanese gnawed its way into buyer electronics market worldwide and Chinese manufacturers have obtained substantial support throughout the last decade. Today, the pie of the Japanese electronics constructing market is not large-scale sufficient to share with all the Japanese manufacturers, if each of them desire to stay in the market for buyer items cheap. There are easily too numerous Japanese electronics manufacturers, and they should change the main heading of the business to endure the increasing affray on the market. Unfortunately, numerous Japanese electrical devices businesses are too large-scale to change main heading rapidly, and latest alterations broadcast, numerous of these businesses manage not appear very smart. Several business broadcasts and alterations in the schemes of foremost Japanese manufacturers have occurred in latest months. Matsushita Electric Industry has traded its stake in JVC set (one of the manufacturers of buyer electronics contestant in the world of audio-visual equipment) because of reduced productivity. JVC will now work with the Kenwood (another premier Japanese constructor of audio equipment) to endure in this industry. In supplement, Sanyo endured important deficiency in latest years, most business bosses lately resigned. Sony's long-run international buyer electronics monster, determined to close its constructing of semiconductors and sales procedures of Toshiba. Meanwhile, latest, released last week engaged Sharp, the premier constructor of LCD

Socio-economic Status and Health Inequalities Relationship

Socio-economic Status and Health Inequalities Relationship In this essay I will discuss the relationship between underlying social structures and health outcomes. the debates about the casual pathways between socio-economic status and health inequalities. Inequality in health is the worst inequality of all. There is no more serious inequality than knowing that youll die sooner because you are badly off (Frank Dobson / DoH, 1997a). The term health inequalities refer to the difference in health opportunities and outcomes between individuals or group of people within society. From a literature review and many studies there is information which suggests that there are inequalities in health, and that the inequality between rich and poor, termed the health gap, is continuing to grow (Smith et al., cited in Davidson, Hunt Kitzinger 2003) The National Health Service was first implemented after World War II with ideological motto from birth to grave. The National Health Service (NHS) was established as a result of the 1944 White Paper, The National Health Service was based on recommendations in the 1942 Beveridge Report which called for a state welfare system. According to William Beveridge,a national welfare state is the only way for Britain to beat five giants Want, Ignorance, Disease, squalor and Idleness. The National Health Service was set up in 1948 to provide health care for all citizens, based on need, rather then ability to pay ; providing a compressive service funded only by taxation. Initially, and mistakenly, it was predicted that demand and the cost of service would decline as illnesses were cured. In fact, the opposite happened: An ageing population a expensive new technology and drugs created new financial pressure. Despite NHS improvement and the expansion of bio medicine, facts and statistic showed that that health of nation had improved generally but the improvement had not been equal across all social classes . The most widely accepted recent study of health inequalities and social class was the Black Report of 1980, which gathered information relating to the Standardised Mortality Rates (SMR) for different social classes in Britain, based on the Registrar Generals categorization according to occupation. In 1971 the death rate for adult men in social class V was nearly twice that of adult men in social class I. The purpose of The Black Report (1980) was to investigate the problem of health inequalities in the UK. The report analysed the lifestyles and health records of people from all social classes. It suggested that the causes of health inequalities were so deep rooted that only major public expenditure would be capable of altering the pattern (Jenkin 1980). This report showed that the gap in equalities of health between lower and higher social classes was widening. The problem had to be investigated outside NHS. The key causes of inequalities in health were linked with social economic factors such as low income, unemployment, poor environment, poor education and sub standard housing. The report looked at four explanations patterns in inequality. The artifact explanation which suggests health inequalities dont really exist, but only appear to because of the way class is constructed. the black report found evidence to support the view that the higher a persons social class, the more likely it would be to find them in good health. The report used infant mortality rates, life expectancy, mental illness and causes of death of people in different social classes. But critics such as Illsley (1986) argue that the statistical connection between social class and illness exaggerates the situation. Social selection explanations suggest that it is health that determines social class rather than class determining health, as those who are healthy will experience upwards social mobility (p36) which raises the death rates and levels of illnesses and disability within the lower classes as the unhealthy are pushed down the social scale (Naidoo and Wills, 1994). On the basis of data from a National of Health and Development, Wadswroth (1986) found that seriously ill boys were more likely to suffer a fall in social class than others Social selection did not explain the disadvantages that occur at all stages of individuals life cycle, also it did not account for the social class differences in health found in childhood, when there is not much social mobility but differences in mortality. (Marsh and Keating, 2006) Shaw et al (1999) argues that those from poorer backgrounds are faced with different economic, social and employment factor which can cause ill health. This shows that class pos ition shapes health, not vice versa. (Giddens, 2006) The behavioural / cultural approach, suggests that poorer health in classes IV and V is a consequence of less healthy behaviour associated with the lower classes, for example smoking and excessive drinking. The cultural / behavioural explanations stresses that differences in health are best understood as being the result of cultural choices made by individuals or groups in the population. In other words , inequalities are rooted in the behaviour and lifestyles of the individual, and those suffering from poor health have different attitudes, values and beliefs which mean that they do not look after themselves The behavioural / cultural approach, suggests that poorer health in classes IV and V is a consequence of less healthy behaviour associated with the lower classes, for example smoking and excessive drinking. The structural/material approach is that the material situation of the lower class is the most important factor in determining their poorer health.. It claims that poor health is the result of hazards to which some people have no choice but to be exposed given the present distribution of income and opportunity (Shaw et al, 1999). Poverty is the key factor that links a range of health risks. It is a known fact that poorer people have worse diets and worse housing condition and are more likely to be unemployed and generally have a more stressed life which may lead to increase smoking and drinking habits, potentially dangerous for long term health. This approach put emphasis in the circumstances which people make their choices are strongly affected by the extent of inequality existing in our society. Poverty limit choices, satisfying immediate gratification; it is about being denied the expectation of decent health, education, shelter, a social life and a sense of self esteem Marsh (200 0). Poverty and health are definitely linked and not only are the poor more likely to suffer from ill health and premature death, but poor health and disability are themselves recognised as causes of poverty (Blackburn1991, p7. Marmot Wilkinson try to explain that social hierarchy and income/wealth inequalities causes stress and ill health, operating trough mind/emotional pathways affecting peoples well being (lecture notes ). Health improvements have been made synonymous with income equality, as Wilkinson argues is to improve social cohesion and reduce the social divisions Richard Wilkinson (1997) argues that mortality, which is influenced by health, is affected more by the relative living standards of that country. He argues that mortality is related more closely to relative income within countries than in differences in absolute income between them. Statistics show that mortality rates have a trend of being lower in countries, which have less income inequality. He thinks that long-term economic growth rates seem to have no relation to any long-term rise in life expectancy Acheson Report (1998) was another important study into health inequality which was commissioned by the New Labour government in 1997. The main purpose of Acheson report was to update the findings of the Black Report and particularly to advice on priorities for policy development (Ham, 2004). It was a comprehensive survey of the disadvantaged. The findings mirrored those of the Black Report that the root cause of inequalities was poverty. Over the last 20 years death rates have fallen among both men and women and across all social groups. However, the difference in rates between those at the top and bottom of the social class has widened. The conclusion of the report was that the gap between richest and poorest had to be reduced. Davies (2001) explains that: The Labour government came into power in 1997 with a commitment to tackle health inequalities, and offered a third way with regard to policies on health (p183). The major health strategy published after the Acheson Report was the White Paper Saving Lives: Our healthier Nation (DoH 1999a) in July 1999. It endorsed the Acheson Report by emphasising the need to reduce inequalities in health. At the same time as the White Paper, Reducing Health Inequalities: an action report was published. It referred to policies for a fairer society, building healthy communities, education, employment, housing, transport, crime and healthcare (DoH 1999b). Later that year Opportunityfor all- Tackling poverty and social exclusion was published with the aim to eradicate child poverty in twenty years time. In November 1999, the Sure Start programme began to promote the physical, intellectual, social and emotional development of young children and their families (Sure Start 1999). By May 2003, around 500 Sure Start programmes were in action, reaching about one third of all children aged under four who were living in poverty. Not only do these programmes promote health and family support services but early education also. Another government initiative aimed at improving the education of disadvantaged children is the Education Action Zones. And to encourage children from low-income families to remain on at school an Education Maintenance Allowance was introduced (Graham 2001: 108). The governments main target for poverty was to reduce the number of children in low income households by at least a quarter by 2004, as a contribution towards the broader target of halving child poverty by 2010 and eradicating it by 2020; but by 2001/2002, midway through the period set by the target, the government were only two fifths of the way to meeting this (Palmer et al 2003). Tax and benefit reforms were also introduced by the government, targeted at low income families with children. As paid employment is seen as the best way to avoid poverty, the government developed and reformed many policies to overcome barriers to employment. The governments biggest investment was  £5.2 billion in New Deal initiatives, aimed at promoting employment for different groups but especially young people who have been unemployed for six months and people over twenty five who have been unemployed for two years or more (Graham 2001). The aim of the initiative was to increase long-term employability by offering short-term employment opportunities. In April of 1999, the government introduced the first ever National minimal wage to the UK, this policy was aimed at reducing in-work poverty and decreasing the number of individuals dependent on social security. Conclusion Numerous government reports such as The Black Report, (1980) The Health Divide (1987) and The Acheson Report (1998) as well as official statistics have all related class and ill health. They have revealed massive class inequalities in health, by stating that nearly every kind of illness and disease is linked to class. Both the Black Report and Acheson Report identified policies to improve the circumstances of children as an essential condition for the reduction of health inequalities. Individuals in the lower socio-economic class may find themselves tight in a lifestyle cycle where problems that contribute to health inequalities remain unchanged. Loy payment, poor social housing, lack of qualification. are the important key that need tackling by government .it is not appropriate to educate people on healthier lifestyle choices ,ehen most of the time these choices are not avalible to them. Key problems that need tackling by the government are the continuous problems of low pay, lack of qualifications and the issues faced by those people living in poor social housing. It is not just enough to educate people on healthier lifestyle choices, when often these choices are not available to them. Taylor and Field conclude: There is now a general acceptance in research and policy circles that health inequalities are socially caused, and the major detriment is socio-economic inequality within society (2003:61).

Clothing Or Concept :: essays research papers

IZOD: Clothing or Concept Every day, billions are spent on advertising with the intention of selling some product of one kind or another. Every day, even more people come in contact with these ads and are affected by them. As the number of ads continues to rise, the percentage of those that are misleading and manipulative also increases. As a result, we have become more skeptical about what we see and hear, and we have begun to acquire distaste for the marketing world. The IZOD â€Å"Extreme Leisure† clothing ad is a perfect example of why this distaste for today’s marketing industry is ascending at such a dramatic rate. The image that IZOD portrays is one of popularity, fun, sex appeal, and excitement (â€Å"Extreme Leisure†), and is presented in such a way as to mislead the reader into believing that he will attain this image by wearing IZOD clothing. This misrepresentation occurs in many ways within the ad. The ad’s picture shows a group of male and female friends all sitting around socializing, drinking beer, laughing and smiling, all with a whole-hearted carefree attitude, all while wearing IZOD clothing. In fact, they aren’t just socializing, but are also playing strip poker. This is where the sex appeal comes in; â€Å"Hey, wear IZOD clothing and you’ll be in this situation too—half naked women, beer, and more fun than you can handle.† Yeah right. Reality check! Although consciously we know this to be untrue, this concept is what the ad inscribes into the reader’s brain, and is what the reader walks away with - a pretty sleazy deceit. IZOD’s ad also promotes not only immoral acts, but a theme that is damaging to society. Firstly, it promotes immoral acts by making a connection between fun and happiness to nudity and sex appeal. By showing only partly dressed men and women in a festive environment, the ad sends the message that this is the â€Å"cool† thing to do. If you want to be in with the â€Å"in† people, this is the way to go. Have fun! This way of thinking is the wrong message to send and is a negative side effect of this ad. Second, is the alcohol issue: IZOD’s ad backs one of the most hazardous ideas of our time--that beer means fun. IZOD not only illustrates this with beer drinking taking place, but also comes out and says it in plain English.

Introduction to Human Behavior in Organization

Introduction to Organizational Behavior People have a variety of needs. Irrespective of one's status, age, and achievements, one would still have some unfulfilled needs. In order to satisfy their unfulfilled needs more effectively, people have learned to organize themselves into groups. The process of organizing facilitates an organization in its specialization efforts. It helps the employees to develop specialized skills and enhances the productivity and efficient functioning of the organization. The organizational system consists of social, technical and economic elements which coordinate human and material resources to achieve various organizational objectives. Some of the objectives of an organization may be: †¢ To maximize profits †¢ To produce goods and services of good quality †¢ To compete with other players in the industry †¢ To ensure welfare of its employees †¢ To make efficient use of resources and achieve growth Human behavior in organizations is as complex as the social system itself. People differ from each other in their needs and values, which can be understood better with the help of behavioral science. Behavioral science considers the influence of various elements (social, economic and technical systems) of the complex external environment on people's behavior. It improves people's understanding of interpersonal skills and so also their ability to work together as a team to achieve organizational goals effectively. Organizational Behavior Defined Organizational behavior is the system of culture, leadership, communication and group dynamics that determines an organization’s actions. According to Keith Davis, â€Å"it is the study and application of knowledge about how people act within an organization. Key Forces Affecting Organizational Behavior Elements of Organizational Behavior How people behave in an organization under a given situation is the concern of organizational behavior. People join an organization to achieve certain objectives. The efforts of the people are co-ordinate by the structure of authority-responsibility relationships. People use some technology to pro duce goods and services to achieve their goals. We can call people, structure and technology as the internal organizational elements. These elements interact with the external environment and are influenced by it. The study of organizational behavior, thus, involves four key elements; people, structure, technology and the environment in which the organization operates. 1) People: People make up the internal social system of the organization. That system consists of individuals and groups, and large groups as well as small ones. There are unofficial, informal groups and more official, formal ones. Groups are dynamic. We must remember that organizations exist to serve people, rather than people existing to serve organization. The human organization of today is not the same as it was yesterday, or the day before. In particular, the workforce has become richly diverse, which means that employees bring a wide array of educational backgrounds, talents, and perspectives to their jobs. Managers need to be tuned into these diverse patterns and trends, and to be prepared to adapt to them. 2) Structure: Structure defines the roles and relationships of people in an organization. Different people in the organization are given different roles and they have certain relationships with others. Organization structure leads to division of work so that people can perform their duties to accomplish the organization goals. Under the structure, different duties are to be performed by different people. Some may be managers others may be supervisors, clerks, peons or workers. All are related to each other to accomplish the goals in a co-coordinated manner. The structure relates to authority-responsibility relationships. 3) Technology: Technology provides the resources with which people work and affects the tasks that they perform. They cannot accomplish much with their hands, so they build building, design machines, create work processes, and assemble resources. The technology used has a significant influence on working relationships. The great benefit of technology is that it allows people to do more and better work, but it also restricts people in various ways. It has costs as well as benefits. 4) Environment: All organizations operate within an internal and external environment. A single organization does not exist alone. It is part of a large system that contains many other elements such as government the family, and other organizations. Numerous changes in the environment create demands on organizations. Individual organizations, such as a factory or a school, cannot escape being influenced by this external environment. It influences the attitudes of people, affects working conditions, and provides competition for resources and power. It must be considered in the study of human behavior in organizations. Organizational Behavior and Administration The constituents of an organization are in one way or another affected by the nature of the behavioral quality of life therein and is, therefore, concerned with improving organizational behavior. Managers and supervisors are burdened with the responsibility of harnessing organizational behavior to improve people-organization relationships while the executives must attempt to create an atmosphere in the organization that will motivate employees to work effectively in harmony and in coordination with their co-workers. People find their work pleasurable whenever there’s cooperation, teamwork and understanding among themselves. The effective and successful application of human behavior paves the way for the realization of human, organizational and social objectives. Historical Development of Organizational Behavior Though human relationships have existed since time immemorial, the branch of knowledge dealing with them is relatively recent. Prior to the industrial revolution, people worked in small groups and had simple work relationships. They were, however, subjected to unhealthy working conditions and scarcity of resources, so they hardly had any job satisfaction. During the early stages of the industrial revolution, the conditions of workers showed no signs of improvement. But as increased industrial activity led to greater supply of goods, wages, working conditions, and level of job satisfaction gradually improved. ROBERT OWEN Robert Owen was a Welsh entrepreneur who bought his first factory in 1789, at the age of 18. He is important in the history of OB because he was one of the first industrialists to recognize how that growing factory system was demeaning to workers. Repulsed by the harsh practices he saw in factories such as the employment of young children (many under the age of 10 with 13- hour workdays, and miserable working conditions. Owen became a reformer. He chided factory owners for treating their equipment better than their employees He criticized them for buying the best machines but then employing the cheapest labor to run them. Owen argued that money spent on improving labor was one of the best investments that business executives could make . He claimed that showing concern for employees both was profitable for management and would relieve human misery. For his time, Owen was an idealist. What he proposed was a utopian workplace that would reduce the sufferings of the working class. He was more than a hundred years ahead of his time when he argued, in 1852, for regulated hours of work for all, child labor laws, public education, company-furnished meals at work, and business involvement in community projects. The history which has become a past now shows how each management wizard contributed towards welfare of employees, their working conditions and hence eventually increasing the productivity. ANDREW URE Ure provided academic training at Anderson's College in Glasgow for managers in the early factory system. He published a text in 1835 that dealt mainly with the technical problems of manufacturing in the textile industry, but also dealt with problems of managing. Obviously pro-management, Ure advocated an â€Å"automatic plan† to provide harmony and to keep any individual worker from stopping production. He was a defender of the factory system and believed workers must recognize the benefits of mechanization and not resist its introduction. FREDERICK TAYLOR Probably the most famous management pioneer of all is Frederick W. Taylor (1856–1915), the father of scientific management. Taylor rose from common laborer to chief engineer in six years, and completed a home study course to earn a degree in mechanical engineering in 1883. In trying to overcome soldiering by the workers, Taylor began a scientific study of what workers ought to be able to produce. This study led to the beginnings of scientific management. Taylor used time studies to break tasks down into elementary movements, and designed complementary piece-rate incentive systems. Taylor believed management's responsibility was in knowing what you want workers to do and then seeing that they do it in the best and cheapest way. He developed many new concepts such as functional authority. In other words, Taylor proposed that all authority was based on knowledge, not position. He wrote Shop Management in 1903, became the president of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers in 1906, and was a widely traveled lecturer, lecturing at Harvard from 1909 to 1914. In 1911, Taylor published Principles of Scientific Management in 1911. Its contents would become widely accepted by managers worldwide. The book described the theory of scientific management. Scientific management was defined as methods aimed at determining the one best way for a job to be done. During this same period organized labor waged an all-out war on Taylorism resulting in a congressional investigation. In February of 1912, however, the committee reported finding no evidence to support abuses of workers or any need for remedial legislation. Taylor did not neglect the human side of work, as often suggested. He simply emphasized the individual worker not the group. Taylor called for a revolution that would fuse the interests of labor and management into a mutually rewarding whole. ELTON MAYO AND THE HAWTHORNE STUDIES Elton Mayo (1880–1949) joined the Harvard faculty in 1926 as associate professor of industrial research, and two years later was asked to work with Western Electric, as part of the Harvard research group, to continue the Hawthorne studies. Mayo was intrigued by the initial results of the early illumination studies that showed output had increased upon changes in illumination—either brighter or darker—but no one knew why. Mayo believed the increased output came from a change in mental attitude in the group as the workers developed into a social unit. Other experiments included the piecework experiment, the interviewing program, and the bank wiring room experiments. From these experiments the Mayoists concluded that employees have social needs as well as physical needs, and managers need a mix of managerial skills that include human relations skills. Organizational behavior is also heavily influenced by sociology in its study of group behavior, organization structure, diversity, and culture. In addition, the insights of cultural anthropologists contribute to an understanding of organizational culture (the values and customs of a firm). In recent years, several companies have hired anthropologists to help them cultivate the right organizational culture. Organizational behavior also gains insights from political science toward understanding the distribution of power in organizations. Contribution of other Social Sciences Psychology Psychology is the study of individual behavior within the organization. Psychological theories have helped us explain and predict individual behavior. Relationship with Organizational Behavior If one wants to improve the behavior of an individual we have to look into the psychological needs of an individual. So the knowledge of psychology can really help in improving and modifying the behavior of individual. If the psychological needs are fulfilled, it gives satisfaction to people and also give peace of mind, which can improve the ability of an organization. Many of the theories dealing with personality, attitude, learning, motivation, and stress have been applied in Organizational Behavior to understand work-related phenomena such as job satisfaction, commitment, absenteeism, turnover, and worker well-being. Elements of Psychology’s contribution to Organizational Behavior include: Learning This are of contribution became a significant element to Organizational Behavior studies when scientists attempted to identify how people would learn new skills within the workplace and how different learning styles would have to address for employees. Motivation In order to optimize the performance of members within any organization it is necessary to understand the individual characteristics of such members and by attempting to fulfill their individual’s needs creates a pattern in which to bring out the best in their efforts. Personality Psychology’s research in personality contributes to Organizational Behavior ability to assess individual attitudes and tie them to an organization or workgroup. This can certainly be a key to identifying elements related to motivation and other interpersonal dynamics. Attitude Measurement Psychology’s statistical work has provided much input related to Organizational Behavior as it relates to member’s attitudes. How an organization is to manage, reward, and create policy should include the mindsets of its members and align to organizational objectives. Work Stress How a person reacts to his/her environment and perception of that environment is deeply affected by the perspective they hold and how they think. Stress being a potential positive negative aspect of organizations certainly has a role in the study of OB. Job Satisfaction Certain key metrics relating to an organization’s effectiveness include job satisfaction of its members. How an organization provides an environment and opportunity to bring out the best in its employees is certainly its ability to explore the psychology of this work force. Sociology Sociology is defined â€Å"as the study of people in relation to their social environment or culture† (Robbins, Judge, 2007). The impact that sociology has on Organizational Behavior is significant as organizations at their nature are formations that hold both a social environment and culture. Sociologists, studying the structure and function of small groups within a society have contributed greatly to a more complete understanding of behavior within organizations. Taking their cue from Sociologists, scholars in the field of Organizational Behavior have studied the effects of the structure and function of work organization on the behavior of groups, as well as the individuals within those groups. Elements of Sociology’s Contribution to Organizational Behavior include: Communication The means and manner in which an organization’s member’s exchange information and the effectives of such exchange is highly necessary for the effective organization. Sociology’s contribution towards this dynamic of organizations is valuable in order to optimize the process and improve its accuracy. Power As shared with Anthropology, the study of power, its presence, and influence within the organization has within it a substantial role within the organization. In order to best analyze and assess an organization, the role of power and authority and its influences is necessary. Conflict As a natural by-product of any organization, conflict and its study are necessary in order to identify and map the process of improvement within an organization as well as predict potential calamity. The study of conflict and its origins will be necessary to identify the sources and solutions within the organization. Intergroup Behavior With teaming being a critical next step for many organizations, the role of intergroup behavior will have increased necessity. The ability to study the dynamics of a group and their exchanges can better help the Organizational Behavior practitioner in facilitate the formation of groups within the organization for organization benefit. Political Science Help to understand how difference in preferences and interest lead to conflict and power struggle between groups within organization. It is also involves the study of individual and group behavior within a particular political environment. It has made significant contribution in the areas of structuring of conflict allocation of power, politics within the organization and the overall administrative process. Political science has contributed immensely in developing a general theory of human behavior at work. Various disciplines tend to study very specific and narrow aspects of human behavior, resulting in fragmentation of knowledge. Behavioral science must attempt to integrate the concepts and principles from all the disciplines to make a comprehensive study of human behavior. Anthropology Anthropology involves the study of mankind, especially of its origin, development, customs and beliefs. The work of anthropologists has provided insights into the basic differences in values, attitudes and behavior of people from different countries and in different organizations. It helps to understand how culture and belief system develop. Culture is the conventionalized behavior of society which influences a person’s behavior it changes slowly, giving stability and security to society. The culture of every individual has its effects on on-the-job performance. To understand an employee’s behavior, an understanding of the culture in which he lives must have to be established. People’s exposure and contacts in churches, schools, homes, stones, as well as to the other activities they do cause them to develop a set of basic values, which are so engrained in them that they become very difficult to change. They influence his aspirations, attitude towards with his supervisors and co-worker.